Strategic Signalling

Grey-Zone Operations at Sea: Maritime Cyber Infrastructure as an Arena for Strategic Signalling

Abstract:

Cyber operations targeting maritime infrastructure are commonly framed as technical disruptions designed to inflict physical or economic harm. This paper argues that many such incidents function instead as strategic signalling. The maritime domain’s mixed civilian-commercial structure and fragmented governance make it especially conducive to grey-zone and hybrid warfare, where strategic signalling plays a prominent role. Recognizing maritime cyber activity as strategic communication is essential for calibrated responses and escalation management. Examining cases of maritime cyber disruption from 2021 to 2025, this paper identifies patterns of amplified narratives, increasing use of AIS (Automatic Identification System) and GNSS (Global Navigational Satellite System) manipulation, and evidence of preparation for future contingencies.

Published In

Volume 25, Issue 3

Journal of Information Warfare

The definitive publication for the best and latest research and analysis on information warfare, information operations, and cyber crime. Available in traditional hard copy or online.

Keywords

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AI
APT

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C2
C2S
CDX
CIA
CIP
CPS

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DNS
DoD
DoS

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F

G

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IA
ICS
ICT

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NEC
NSA
NSS

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PDA

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SOA

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The definitive publication for the best and latest research and analysis on information warfare, information operations, and cyber crime. Available in traditional hard copy or online.

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